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As mortgage rates hit a 22-year high and existing homeowners continue to stay in their homes, new single family home sales hit a 17-month high in July, according to HUD and U.S. Census Bureau data.
Last month’s data recorded a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 714,000 new single-family home sales, up 4.4% from the revised June rate of 684,000 and is 31.5% above the July 2022 estimate of 543,000. The median sales price of new houses sold in July 2023 was $436,700 and the average sales price was $513,000. First-time buyers now make up 50% of all buyers, up from 45% in 2022 and 37% in 2021.
Chief economist at the National Association of Realtors, Lawrence Yun, said he expects rates will begin decreasing by the end of the year, citing the Fed’s slowing of its interest rate increases. The Mortgage Bankers Association, said they expect the average 30-year mortgage rate to decrease to 5% by the fourth quarter of next year.
Meanwhile, Morgan Stanley reiterated concerns for regional banks. Vishy Tirupattur, its Chief Fixed Income Strategist, said the firm does not accept a growing narrative that “the issues in the sector that erupted in March are largely behind us.” “The ratings downgrades by both Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s,” Tirupattur said, “provide a reminder that the headwinds of increasing capital requirements, higher cost of funding and rising loan losses continue to challenge the business models of the regional banking sector.” While acknowledging that comment periods are open and changes could occur, on the heels of proposed rules around capital requirements, the Fed’s proposed capital rule on implementing capital surcharge for the eight U.S. global systemically important banks, and proposed regulations on new long term debt requirements for banks with assets of $100-700 billion, Tirupattur said “suffice to say that the documents envisage significantly higher capital requirement for much of the U.S. banking sector, and extends several large bank requirements to much smaller banks.”
In short, Morgan Stanley argues the result — supported by the latest Senior Loan Officer Opinion survey and a paper by the San Francisco Fed evaluating regulatory impacts on the real economy — is tighter credit going forward. “The bottom line is that more tightening lies ahead for the broader economy,” . …[and] “the evolution of regulatory policy can weigh on credit formation and overall economic growth.”
A report by Newmark in the Commercial Observer said debt origination volumes in the sector fell 52 percent year-over-year in the second quarter. They said there are also 32 percent fewer lenders than a year ago and lenders have grown “more selective in recent months, demanding lower loan-to-value ratios amid the Federal Reserve’s interest rate hikes.”
Additionally, the Washington Post ran a story this week about what is being referred to as the “urban doom loop” affecting midsized cities if commercial real estate headwinds persist. “The fear is that a commercial real estate apocalypse could spiral out and slow commerce, wrecking local tax revenue in the process. Midsize cities have some of the highest rates of office delinquency, where loan payments on buildings are behind schedule, and the lowest rates of office occupancy,” the Post reported. “The average delinquency rate across the 50 largest metro areas in the country is about 5 percent. But in places like Charlotte in North Carolina or Hartford in Connecticut, it is almost 30 percent, according to data from the real estate analytics company Trepp. Likewise, occupancy rates average about 87 percent. But in Oklahoma City, it is just 71 percent, and 76 percent in both Memphis and St. Louis.”
The Fed will be in Jackson Hole next week, where Chairman Jay Powell is expected to speak following the inflation read last week: CPI registered 3.2% through July, and was up a modest .2% from last month, though core inflation is still elevated in the high 4s. Many believe the moderation has validated the Fed’s posture. Continued U.S. economic strength extending into Q3, however, adds further uncertainty to their future course. While the surprising resilience of the U.S. economy, with low unemployment and consumer confidence holding up, has many believing there is room for a soft landing, it has also complicated the Fed’s job. The Fed has made it clear they need to see wage and price pressures subsiding, which could translate into keeping rates higher for longer. Nevertheless, there are cracks in the consumer story beginning to materialize, as we’ve discussed here.
Deutsche Bank’s Chief US Economist, Matthew Luzzetti, says he still expects a mild recession, despite a Q3 re-acceleration, which he says could be above 3% despite tighter bank lending standards. Luzzetti believes the Fed lag, credit tightening, and rising delinquency rates will take its toll, and expects a hawkish message out of Jackson Hole. Rising credit card balances, rising delinquencies, and slowing student loan repayments — down $7 billion — are also on his radar. As excess savings is being drawn down by consumers, there are also signs they are making trade-offs (services v. durable goods currently). So far, however, the U.S. consumer is hanging there.
We thought we’d mention two ratings downgrades that occurred recently. The first was by Fitch, which moved US Treasury debt lower by one level earlier this month. Fitch downgraded US sovereign rating from the top-ranked AAA to AA+ as a result of the government’s fiscal deterioration, following up one day later with a downgrade to the credit ratings of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
Fitch cited as an example a “marked increase in general government debt …due to a failure to address medium-term public spending and revenue challenges” “Over the next decade,” the Fitch report said, “higher interest rates and the rising debt stock will increase the interest service burden, while an aging population and rising healthcare costs will raise spending on the elderly absent fiscal policy reforms.”
This is only the second time U.S. debt has been downgraded, the first occurring in 2011 by Standard and Poor’s also after a debt ceiling negotiation. Republican Budget Committee members have been highly critical of Democrats on this score — saying they have only occurred under Presidents Obama and Biden — and arguing that this is a wake up call to address fiscal issues that have been glossed over in the debt-ceiling debates. In a statement, the Majority said if not addressed, the downgrades will affect the U.S.’s ability to “absorb a major financial shock in the future; and if we don’t change course, the U.S. will not only incur another credit downgrade, we will undermine the dollar as the global reserve currency.”
Alexandra Wilson-Elizondo of Goldman Sachs said this week she did not believe, at this point, the Fitch downgrades would have long term effects but in the nearer term it could cause an elevated debt burden to crowd out private investment and that’s that’s not good for long-term productivity of the economy.
In a move that brings regional banks and CRE back into focus, Moody’s cut the credit ratings of several small to mid-sized U.S. banks Monday and said it may downgrade some of the nation’s biggest lenders. They downgraded 10 banks by one level and placed six large banks, including Bank of New York Mellon, US Bancorp, State Street, and Truist Financial on review for potential downgrades. Moody’s said the sector’s credit strength is likely be tested by funding risks and weaker profitability.
Goldman Sach’s Ashish Shah said the Moody’s downgrade is “reflective of the information we learned in March… the challenges to regional banks business model” and the fact that the commercial real estate (CRE) stress is at a real issue. CRE “continues to be a real thing that is playing out,” Shah agued. Shah added, however, that he does not believe the issue of asset valuation in CRE necessarily bleeds into the real economy, though it creates risk.
Eyes will be on inflation data coming out this week. The news on that front has been trending positive and suggests the Fed is nearing the end of the rate hiking cycle.
As we’ve been discussing here, the second quarter was strong and the third quarter appears to be holding up on the consumer front as well, as the jobs market softens slightly and corporate earnings weaken (as firms lose pricing power with supply chains are repaired). Unemployment remains at 3.5%, good for consumers but possibly also a source of wage pressure that keeps the Fed inclined to hold rates higher for longer. Though commodity declines in recent months have also been a boon, a recent pop in oil prices complicates the picture.
Joel Kahn of the Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) summarizes it well: “The incoming economic data continue to convey conflicting signals about the strength of the economy. Indicators of manufacturing and service sector health remain lackluster, measures of inflation have moved lower, while GDP growth in the second quarter was stronger than expected and consumer spending remains resilient.”
Meanwhile, Morgan Stanley’s Michelle Weaver says no less than 1% of mortgages are in the money for refinance after millions jumped on the opportunity of low rates during the pandemic. The effect [of homeowners remaining in homes with lower rates and reducing existing supply] has made it tough for first time homebuyers who have had to remain renters, and has put upward pressure on rents, Waiver said on the Morgan Stanley podcast “Thoughts on the Market.” Her colleague Jim Egan noted that existing single family housing inventories are at 40 years lows and “We say ’40 year lows’ because that’s just as far back as the data goes, this is the lowest we’ve seen that,” Egan said.
Egan also argued that “while affordability is bad, it’s not getting worse” and is likely to improve, and “while supply is tight, it’s not getting tighter”—he believes we are stuck in a range for a while. Egan said while the Case-Shiller index turned negative this year for the first time since 2012, Morgan Stanley forecasts prices will be unchanged over the coming year. And as JPMorgan’s Michael Cembalest pointed out in his recent “Eye on the Market” podcast, the tight supply of existing homes has made the market more resilient to to rising rates. Consumers, however, are continuing to burn off savings, which might run out in 2024, Cembalest said. JPMorgan sees weakness possible for Q4/Q1, with economic growth down to 1%.
On that consumer front, credit card balances continue to climb, the Fed reported, with total indebtedness rising $45 billion in the April-through-June period, an increase of more than 4% — and taking the total amount owed to over $1 trillion, the highest gross value in Fed data going back to 2003. Total household debt rose $16 billion to $17.06 trillion, also a record. Fed researchers said the rise in balances reflects both inflationary pressures as well as higher levels of consumption. The Fed said its measure of credit card debt 30 or more days late rose to 7.2% in the second quarter, up from 6.5% in Q1, which is the highest rate since the first quarter of 2012 (though close to the long-run average). Total debt delinquency rose slightly 3.18% from 3%.
We’ve talked about commercial office challenges facing the market in the many months ahead. A report in the Wall Street Journal is also sounding an alarm on multifamily apartment owners. While vacancy rates are low and rents are high, some owners saddled themselves with too much debt as rents rose, often borrowing more than 80% of the building value from bond markets, the Journal reported. Though most apartment loans are fixed-rate, long-term mortgages, more investors took shorter-term, floating-rate loans during the pandemic. The surge in debt costs last year “threatens multifamily owners across the country,” the Journal said.
CoStar said apartment-building values fell 14% for the year ended in June after rising 25% the previous year, roughly the same as the fall in office values. And although mortgage delinquencies in the multifamily category are low, they are increasing, the Journal reports: “Borrowing costs have doubled, rent growth is slowing and building expenses are rising…Outstanding multifamily mortgages more than doubled over the past decade to about $2 trillion, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association. That is nearly twice the amount of office debt, according to Trepp. The data provider adds that $980.7 billion in multifamily debt is set to come due between 2023 and 2027.”
As the market was expecting, the Fed raised interest rates another quarter point Wednesday afternoon, bringing the federal-funds rate to a range between 5.25% and 5.5%, a 22 year high. There will be eight weeks until the next Fed meeting.
Chairman Jay Powell said there is “uncertainty in the next meeting let alone next year.” Powell also said he believed they “have a shot” at a soft landing in the economy — the ability to achieve inflation reduction without high levels of job loss as has occurred in many past instances of tightening. We’ve been hearing this from some (not all) Wall Street economists more recently, but during the press conference Powell also revealed the independent staff at the Fed is now no longer forecasting a recession, given recent strength in the economy.
Asked directly about the housing market and the prospect of getting supply and demand back into balance, Powell said, citing the constraint of existing homes, “I think we have a ways to go to get back to balance” given that existing homeowners with low rate mortgages see “too much value in their mortgage,” keeping supply tight and continuing to pressure prices. On the other hand, Powell said, even in this rate environment there are a significant number of new buyers. “Hopefully,” Powell said, “more supply comes online” and “we are still living with through aftermath of the pandemic.”
The Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) said high mortgage rates and low existing inventory led to another annual increase in new home purchases in June. Mortgage applications for new home purchases jumped 26.1% in June from the same period last year, according to the MBA’s builder application survey. Compared with the prior month, applications dropped by 5%, MBA said.
Housing Wire reported that construction of single-family homes specifically designed as rentals is booming. However, there are several states bucking that trend due to regulatory constraints that make investment less attractive.
The shift in commercial real estate since the pandemic — decreased office occupancy and retail activity coupled with higher interest rates — has put the CRE sector under continued strain. That stress has caused banks and other lenders to tighten their standards for new loans and scrutinize existing ones. Reuters reports that big banks are increasing loan loss reserves for commercial real estate although their exposure is relatively low. “While regional banks carry the greatest exposure to the (CRE sector,” Reuter said, “second quarter earnings show that a number of big banks have prepared for potential defaults, primarily on office loans.”
Mortgage and housing trade groups meanwhile this week objected to the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) proposal to designate nonbank servicers and others as systemically-important financial institutions. MBA said in a letter response that FSOC’s proposed interpretive guidance and a revised analytical framework “signal a renewed effort by the Biden Administration and federal financial services regulators to target non-bank financial companies – including non-bank mortgage servicers – for SIFI designation and subject them to Federal Reserve prudential oversight.”
MBA also reported that Federal Reserve, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) may vote Thursday on the interagency proposed changes to capital requirements for banks with assets of $100 billion or more, which may include an increase in residential mortgage capital requirements for large depository banks. “This is disconcerting,” MBA said, “as large increases in capital standards will likely lead to a shift in where mid-sized and regional banks will focus their core businesses and reduce credit availability for all types of lending, including for single-family, multifamily, and commercial real estate.”
Fed Chairman Jay Powell is on the Hill delivering the Fed’s semiannual report on monetary policy to the Senate and House. He told the House Committee the Fed is likely to raise interest rates in the coming months but at a slower pace than they have moved over the past year, weighing the risk that the combination of their 10 consecutive rate hikes and recent banking stress is more than enough to slow the economy to tame inflation (perhaps causing an deeper economic downturn than expected) against the risk that the combination of economic strength of the first two quarters and inflation staying elevated may require additional tightening. Powell pushed back on the notion that last week’s pause was indeed a pause, signaling the Fed will not hesitate to take future action on inflation.
In the absence of recent negative headlines around regional bank stress in the US, Morgan Stanley said they believe there is complacency setting in while “key data points on bank balance sheets show that things have worsened on the margin since March.” We’ve been watching this relative to its potential impact on the commercial real estate loan refinances expected in the next 12-18 months.
Green Street said commercial deals are down a “stunning” 70% year over year.” With the U.S. vacancy average at 18 percent for office properties verses 3.8 percent for industrial properties, and given a lower per-square-foot cost relative to conversion to residential brokerage firm, a Newmark report find conversions from office to industrial are on the rise. Although delinquency rates for office properties are low, with office vacancy rates on the rise, the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) said Friday that they are stepping up scrutiny of how exposed banks are to commercial real estate.
Meanwhile, a slight decline in 30-year fixed rates over the past few weeks was met with a Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) report that purchase applications increased “driven by a 2 percent gain in conventional purchase applications and a 3 percent increase in FHA purchase activity,” according to Joel Kan, MBA vice president and deputy chief economist. (The average contract interest rate for 30-year fixed-rate mortgages with conforming loan balances ($726,200 or less) decreased to 6.73 percent from 6.77 percent, MBA said)
The American Bankers Association’s Economic Advisory Committee said they expect credit conditions to tighten the rest of the year and loan losses to rise. Still, given the low inventory, the Census Bureau and HUD jointly reported this week that privately owned housing starts in May hit a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1,631,000, 21.7% above the revised April estimate of 1,340,000 and up 5.7% year-over-year. The May rate for units in buildings with five units or more hit 624,000. Single-family housing starts were just shy of 1 million at 997,000, or 18.5% above the revised April figure — the largest single-month jump since June 2020 which occurred as the market rebounded from the initial shock of the COVID pandemic.
Although stress in the banking sector continues in this rate environment, total borrowing from the Fed’s three emergency lending programs declined from $288.7 billion the week prior to $285.7 billion last week (the figure peaked in March at $343.7 billion in the wake of the Silicon Valley Bank collapse). Borrowing from the Fed’s Bank Term Funding Program rose slightly to $93.6 billion from $91.9 billion in the prior week, while borrowing from the Fed discount window declined to $3.97 billion from $4.2 billion in the prior week, MarketWatch reported. It continues to point to tightening credit and consumers who are expected to pull back.
Meanwhile, the Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) reported that commercial mortgage delinquency rates increased for every major capital source during the first quarter, “foreshadowing additional strains that are likely to work their way through the system,” MBA said. As we’ve discussed here on a few occasions, and MBA summarizes: “For most capital sources, delinquency rates remain low by historical standards. But with 16 percent of outstanding loan balances facing loan maturities this year, the first edge of properties is just beginning to be pushed to adjust to today’s markets – with higher interest rates, uncertain property values, and questions about some property fundamentals. As they do, delinquency rates are likely to continue to rise.”
The labor market, and the consumer, however, continue to spend during this second quarter. We learned Friday that U.S. employers added 339,000 jobs in May, and the numbers were revised upward for March and April, 52,000 and 41,000 respectively. Mike Fratantoni, Chief Economist at MBA: “Job growth was stronger than anticipated in May, with growth averaging 341,000 per month over the last 12 months, adding to the momentum thus far in 2023.”
“Thus far” might be the operative term, perhaps — as credit tightens, surveys are indicating consumers are beginning to feel increased pressure. A survey conducted by the BMO Financial Group found two-thirds of those looking to buy a home say that current high mortgage rates are keeping them from doing so. The Morgan Stanley US economics team, which predicts a “soft landing” because of the labor picture that should allow the Fed to achieve its 2% inflation target without diving unemployment significantly higher, conducted a survey that found consumers, except in groceries and household products, fully expect to pull back their discretionary spending later this year, and in fact Morgan Stanley sees that pull back already beginning. “Interest rates on new consumer loan products,” Sarah Wolfe of the team noted, “hit 20 to 30-year highs, raising overall debt service costs and forcing consumers to reduce purchases of interest sensitive goods.”
In remarks last week, Fed Governor Philip Jefferson said he believes “the overwhelming majority of banks have strong balance sheets with limited leverage, high levels of loss-absorbing capacity, and healthy liquidity. Moreover, household and business balance sheets are generally strong… While the resilience of the financial sector will limit the spillovers from recent events, I expect those strains to lead to a further tightening in credit supply from banks that will weigh on economic activity.”
The Wall Street Journal reports that after the average city office occupancy rates surpassed 50% earlier this year for the first time since the pandemic began, “many landlords viewed this milestone as a sign that employees were finally resuming their former work habits.” Office usage rates have barely budged since, as most companies have settled into a hybrid work strategy “that shows little sign of fading,” the Journal wrote.
Meanwhile, total consumer debt hit $17.05 trillion, an increase of nearly $150 billion, or 0.9% during the January-to-March period, the New York Federal Reserve reported Monday, up about $2.9 trillion from the pre-Covid period ended in 2019, though the level of those taking on new housing-related debt dropped sharply, the New York Fed said.
The Fed said Thursday its emergency lending to banks rose to $92.4 billion in the week ended May 10, from $81.1 billion last week. Bank borrowing from the Fed peaked at $164.8 billion in mid-March. Bank loans from the Fed’s emergency Bank Term Funding Program totaled $83.1 billion, up from $75.8 billion in the prior week. Banks borrowing from the Fed’s traditional discount window rose to $9.3 billion from $5.3 billion last week.
The Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) is urging the Federal Housing Finance Agency to delay implementing proposed changes to the Enterprise Regulatory Capital Framework, saying they “oppose strongly” any risk-weighting of re-securitizations issued by one of the GSEs that contain securities issued by the other GSE. In a letter to FHFA MBA said they support the changes in the proposal that would reduce the risk weight and credit conversion factor for commingled securities form 20% and 100% to 5% and 50%, respectively.” MBA says “The existing 20% risk weighting resulted in the implementation of a 50-basis-point commingling fee last year.”
MBA also expressed concerns that implementing a change to capital framework “ahead of the transition to the bi-merge credit report requirement could artificially raise scores for some borrowers.” It then recommends that FHFA delay implementing the change and perform additional analysis, and then report any findings “as part of the new credit score implementation process.”
Last week FHFA announced a rescission of the controversial LLPA charge for DTI ratios over 40%. Yesterday, FHFA also issued an RFI seeking feedback on the single-family guarantee fee and LLPA pricing framework. Comments are due by August 14.
There continues to be a conundrum in US markets: Q1 was very strong for consumer spending, above pre-pandemic levels, substantially. There has been decent, though slowing, payroll data — the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported Friday that total non-farm payroll employment rose by 236,000 in March. It was the smallest increase in more than two years, but it was enough to push the unemployment rate down to 3.5 percent.
Still, there are real signs of wear and tear on the economy. A Black Knight analysis found more than 11% of borrowers who took out loans to buy houses last year had properties worth less than the debt on them in February. According to Inside Mortgage Finance, production of agency mortgage-backed securities fell to its lowest level in nine years in the first quarter of 2023.
We’ve discussed here the vulnerabilities of regional banks given exposure to the commercial sector, with retail hurting and office space values falling amidst higher rates and post-covid shifts in remote work. Regional banks with the weakest balance sheets and heretofore unrealized losses, even with the Fed facility lending at par, continue to give investors concern. Whether that is powerful enough to cause contagion is difficult to determine, but recent history makes it easy to see how another bank failure could re-ignite flows out of regionals with high levels of underwater loans and assets that have been propped up by lower rates (soon needing to be refinanced in a higher rate environment).
Corporate balance sheets are in better shape than they were prior to the global financial crisis which will help them weather earnings declines from underutilized office space, to a point, but we can expect defaults to rise and banks to continue to feel the pinch of lower interest margins and reduced income from lower loan volumes.
Redfin reported more house hunters are returning to the market as mortgage rates and home prices continue to decline, but low inventory is hampering their searches.
Banks continue to borrow from the new bank term funding program, up $10 billion last week to $64 billion while borrowing from the Fed discount window slowed to $88 billion, down $22 billion according to CNBC’s Steve Liesman. All told, in the month of March, the Fed increased its balance sheet a net $324 billion, although during this past week the Fed’s balance sheet actually declined as they did let MBS and Treasuries roll off — short of their targets but after rising in recent weeks appears to indicate some calming of the crisis, at least for the time being.
Outflows from small banks slowed to $1 billion, CNBC reported, and we saw outflows from large banks to the tune of $96 billion — $65 billion was transferred to money market funds last week, half the week prior, but it set a new record of $5.2 trillion in money market funds as we see the desire for yield play out. Although they are not insured deposits, those investments are mostly in government securities.
Despite the borrowing from the banks, at least for the Fed discount window, appearing reach a crescendo, there are still signs of further weakness and continued fears of a broader recession. One such marker is the growth in the money supply and the velocity of money, which has slowed significantly. Despite the Fed lending to banks, total outstanding liabilities in the banking system are declining rapidly. Morgan Stanley says bank liabilities are falling at a rate of 7% year-over-year, the biggest decline in more than 60 years, which suggests both economic and earnings growth are likely to remain under pressure.
We mentioned commercial real estate lending last week. Morgan Stanley says 70% of the core CRE debt in the banking sector was originated by regional banks, and much is maturing in the next few years — about $550 billion needing to be refinanced per year until 2027 ($450 billion this year). Even where the CRE lending is done by other banks, they point out, these small and medium size banks are buyers of senior tranches of agency commercial mortgage-backed securities. “If their ability to buy these securities decreases because of new regulations, this indirectly impacts the prospects for refinancing maturing debt in the sector as well,” Morgan Stanley’s chief fixed income strategist said.
Markets appeared to be mollified slightly over the weekend after the FDIC found a buyer for Silicon Valley Bank. Nevertheless, the quarter point added to the Fed Funds rate last week has increased pressure incrementally on smaller banks trying desperately to maintain their deposit base and compressing their margins, which will result in the further restriction of credit when banks had already been pulling back for risk reasons.
Remarkably, an estimated $500 billion has been withdrawn from small banks in the past two weeks. Banks have borrowed from the Fed’s discount window at an average of $117 billion each night, and an average of $34.6 billion per day from the newly-created Bank Term Funding Program (up from the previous weeks $3.4 billion). It appears some of this borrowing has been very defensive in nature, a desire to build cash reserves for institutions that aren’t under immediate pressure, willing to pledge assets now in case panic spreads.
While SVB was an outlier in terms of its concentrated depositor base, its failure has caused concerns for other banks with significant interest rate exposure and vulnerable, uninsured deposits like SVB. It is estimated that if marked to market the banking sector is sitting on $2 trillion plus in asset declines. Should the economy slow further (expected as credit is further restricted and that is the intention of the Fed’s tightening) then the ability of smaller banks to weather decreasing deposits from companies with shrinking earnings could lengthen this stress.
A majority of commercial real estate mortgages are held by the small to mid-sized banks experiencing the most pressure. While single family 30-year fixed rates are expected to trend down this year, many commercial deals made in a lower rate environment are coming due and will be difficult to refinance, causing further pressure on that sector. In addition to rates disqualifying firms, the willingness of banks to make the loans, especially if the borrowers are money losing operations, will be curtailed, especially when cash yields them 4.5%. That is to say, an economy that slows is likely to cause additional pain. Fannie Mae is saying the recent bank failures may act as the catalyst that tips the economy into a recession, largely due to tighter lending standards by small- and mid-sized regional banks.